The overall aim of this module is to consolidate and extend second year knowledge of Organic, Inorganic and Physical chemistry.

Organic: Year 2 synthetic chemistry is extended to cover pericyclic reactions, rearrangements and fragmentations, radical reactions and synthesis of alkenes. Basic concepts and techniques of physical organic chemistry are explained concurrently, including free energy diagrams and kinetic analysis of common mechanisms.

Inorganic: Year 2 inorganic chemistry is extended to
• Enhance students' understanding of the fundamental nature of ordered crystalline solids
• Develop the concept that the structure of materials impacts on their properties and applications
• Provide an introduction to the use of diffraction methods to characterise crystal structures
• Describe characterisation techniques, for both crystalline and amorphous materials.
• Outline electronic structure in the solid state.
• Describe a range of materials manufacturing techniques.

Physical: To demonstrate the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic models for physical chemical phenomena and the physical chemistry of electrochemical cells, surfactants and colloids.

(LO1) Organic learning outcomes:
*  Demonstrate a good understanding of the core synthetic reactions covered and their mechanisms.
* Be able to deduce mechanisms on the basis of kinetic and other evidence.

Inorganic learning outcomes:
* Demonstrate an understanding of the role of ligand field and other factors in determining how metal complexes undergo ligand exchange, and how they undergo electron transfer.
* Appreciate the bonding of different organic fragments to transition metals and how a variety of physical measurements can be used to substantiate these ideas.
* Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of infinite solids and their diffraction of X-rays.
* Appreciate the factors affecting the electronic properties of solids.

Physical learning outcomes:
* Understand how macroscopic physical properties of a system are related to microscopic properties of molecules.
* Understand how to derive thermodynamic variables from t he energy levels available to a set of particles (molecules, electrons, photons).
* Have an understanding of the physical chemistry of ideal and real electrochemical cells.
* Have an understanding of the physical chemistry of surfactants and colloids.
* Be able to apply their knowledge of physical chemistry to solve unseen problems.

(S1) Improving own learning/performance - Personal action planning

(S2) Time and project management - Personal organisation

(S3) Critical thinking and problem solving - Critical analysis

(S4) Communication (oral, written and visual) - Presentation skills - written

(S5) Information skills - Critical reading

This is distance learning module in which students are expected to work through the course text books in conjunction with lecture notes and screencasts according to the schedule provided in VITAL. Sets of assignment problems are set at two week intervals to assess progress. Students submit work online according to the timetable provided and receive feedback on the work within one week.

ORGANIC
Organic synthesis and reactions (Greeves, 13 lectures)
• Pericyclic reactions 1: cycloadditions
• Pericyclic reactions 2: Sigmatropic and electrocyclic reactions
• Rearrangements and Fragmentations
• Radical reactions
• Synthesis of alkenes - controlling double bond geometry
Organic Mechanisms (Bonar-Law, 8 lectures)
• Rates, equilibria and free energy diagrams
• Kinetics for multistep reactions
• Revision of nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon
• Elimination mechanisms
• Addition mechanisms
• Nucleophilic substitution at carbonyls

INORGANIC
Introduction to Solid State Chemistry (10 lectures by Dr. Sam Chong)
• Basic concepts in crystalline solids (builds on CHEM111)
◦ What is a crystal? – lattices, unit cells, symmetry
◦ Descri bing crystal structures – fractional coordinates, Miller indices
◦ Close packing of spheres in metallic solids
◦ Simple ionic solids derived from close-packed structures
◦ Rationalising structure types using radius ratio rule, and its limitations
• Diffraction characterisation of crystalline solids
◦ Interference of waves, Braggs'' law
◦ Concept of the reciprocal lattice, relation to the direct lattice and diffraction
◦ Diffraction intensities and systematic absences
◦ Experimental aspects of X-ray diffraction and uses of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
◦ Application of concepts to indexing PXRD patterns and deducing lattice centring
◦ Limitations and complementary experimental methods (scattering, spectroscopy, imaging and microscopy techniques - continued in Manufacturing Materials)
&#x 2022; Solid state structures of functional inorganic materials
◦ Structure-function relationships and applications of functional crystalline solids
◦ Polymorphism - concept and examples in ionic solids, contrasts in physical properties
◦ Spinels - normal vs. inverse structures and contributing factors
◦ Perovskites - use of tolerance factor to predict perovskite distortion
◦ Covalent solids - properties and structures of carbon allotropes
◦ Framework solids - structures and properties of zeolites, metal-organic frameworks
• Introducing complexity
◦ Hybrid structures (MOFs, hybrid perovskites, fullerides)
◦ Structure of the YBCO high temperature superconductor as a perovskite superstructure
◦ Structure of point and extended defects
◦ Doping, non-stoichiometry and disorder
◦ Influence of defect structure on functional properties and applications (examples from ionic conduction, MOFs)
Manufacturing Materials (10 lectures by Dr. Colin Crick)
• Structure-function Relationship
◦ Review solid-state bonding models (covalent, ionic, metallic), and contrast differences with molecular bonding.
◦ Structure-function relationship, how structure can determine a materials application.
• Electrons in Solids
◦ Qualitative description of distinction between metals, semi-conductors, and insulators (atomic vs. molecular electronic structure).
◦ Density of states and Fermi energy, and experimental evidence for these concepts.
◦ Conductivity (Carrier density and temperature dependence).
◦ Electronic structure of simple metals and transition metals.
◦ Band gap manipulation (Semi-conductor doping / Silicon vs. III/V systems).
& #x25E6; Mott-Hubbard insulators and the breakdown of the band model.
• Functional Polymers
◦ Characteristics required for enhanced function, includes; conductive polymers, biomimetic (stimuli-responsive, self-healing, and self-cleaning), and tuning optical property control.
◦ Engineering approaches for desired characters; low-cost, eco-friendly, and environmental endurance.
◦ Fabrication of Materials
◦ Deposition of thin films via lithography (including; Self-assembled monolayers), chemical vapour deposition, physical vapour deposition, and doping approaches. Includes looking at growth mechanisms.
◦ Network forming reactions, including sol-gel methods (e.g. SiO2 templating) and thermoset polymers (contrast with thermoplastics).
• Characterisation of Materials
◦ Probing electronic structure; semiconductor analysis (resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility , and contact resistance), and band gap measurement.
◦ Advance structural analysis, includes; consideration of local vs. bulk analysis; electron diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
◦ Probing the morphology of materials; optical microscope (confocal), scanning electron microscopy, transmi ssion electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
◦ Quantifying materials composition; energy/wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (W/EDX), electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
• Real-World Application of Materials
◦ Industrially relevant materials fabrication, includes; energy-efficient glass, microfabrication – semiconductor circuit boards / lab-on-a-chip, and injection moulding

PHYSICAL
The link between molecular and thermodynamic properties (Hodgson, 10 lectures)
• Introduction: the link between microscopic and macroscopic des criptions of chemistry.
• Concepts of statistical mechanics: configurations, weights, most probable distribution and deviations from this. Partition functions for translation, rotation and vibration.
• Maxwell Boltzmann statistics and application to an ideal gas
• Relation of the partition function to entropy and other macroscopic thermodynamic variables and equilibrium constants
• Fermi Dirac statistics and application to a simple metal
• Bose Einstein statistics and application to blackbody radiation
Ionic species and electrochemistry (Nichols, 10 lectures)
• Electrolytes and electrochemical thermodynamics: Structure of liquids. Ion-solvent interactions. Examples of ionic hydration energies. Activities of ions. Half-cell reactions and standard electrode potentials.
• Transport properties in liquids: Conductivity and mobility.
• Introduction to surface chemistry: Liqui d surfaces, surface tension and capillary rise. The Young equation. Contact angles and surface wetting. Detergents and surfactants.
• Introduction to colloidal chemistry: Structure of colloidal solutions. Origin of colloid stability. Lyophilic and Lyophobic colloids. Structures and properties of amphiphilic molecules. Critical micelle concentration.